what is Clock Synchronization
With digital transmission, one problem that continually arises is clock synchronization.
The receiver must be able to determine when one bit time ends and the next one starts, so
that it samples one pulse, rather than part of one pulse and part of the next.
Note: quartz clocks are not accurate enough. Eventually, the sender and receiver’s clock
will drift apart.
Possibilities:
1. include timing information in the data signal
2. use a separate channel (e.g., wire) to transmit timing information
Manchester encoding is one technique that provides clocking information. The encoding
splits each sampling unit into 2 halves where:
a binary 1″ is sent as a high-low voltage sequence
a ” is sent as a low-high sequence
because each sampling time contains one transition, the receiver can easily
synchronize its clock to the sender’s.
In a related technique, di erential Manchester encoding, a 1″ bit is indicated by the absence of a transition at the start of the bit time, while a ” is indicated by the presence of a transition.
Drawback of Manchester encoding:
half the bandwidth is wasted because it takes two transitions to represent one bit
Advantages:
reduced complexity of transmitter and receiver components